Everything in nature is made up of elements and the smallest unit of matter is an atom. Atom have protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting outside. The atomic number is how many protons and neutrons there are and the atomic mass in the mass of the nucleus. The atomic mass is weighted because of the element's isotopes which have different amounts of neutrons. Atoms that bond together are called molecules and from there can bond through covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. An ionic bond is where an atom gains or looses an electron. A covalent bond is where electrons are shared by atoms, Compounds are formed by one or more element and their properties change significantly.
Water is a very unique substance because it is polar, meaning that it has an unequal amount of charge on its sides of oxygen and hydrogen. An example of a covalent bond is water. When water bonds with itself is
makes hydrogen bonds, which is not as strong and has a slight attraction of positive to negative charged areas.Because it is polar, it is cohesive and can bond with other water molecules. It is also adhesive and can bond with other substances making it the best solute. Water is a neutral 7 on the pH scale. pH is the measurement of H+ ions in a solution.
Lipids are often oils, waxes, and fats. Lipids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen called fatty acids. They can be saturated(single carbon bond) or unsaturated(double- carbon bond). Proteins are made up of amino acids. Proteins can be structural proteins or enzymes. Enzymes are catalysts that can speed up a chemical reaction. If not in the right conditions, an enzyme can denature, causing it to unravel. Enzymes lower the activation energy in a reaction. Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called nucleotides, which is sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen. They stores DNA, which are the blueprints to making proteins. These are hereditary and are passed through generations.
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